Sniper - Wikipedia. A sniper is a marksman or qualified specialist who operates alone, in a pair, or with a sniper team to maintain close visual contact with the enemy and shoot enemies from concealed positions or distances exceeding the detection capabilities of enemy personnel. Snipers typically have highly- selective or specialized training and use crew- servedhigh- precision/special application rifles and optics, and often have sophisticated communication assets to feed important combat information back to their units or military bases. Most sniper teams operate independently, with little combat asset support from their parent units; their job is to deliver discriminatory, highly- accurate rifle fire against enemy targets that cannot be engaged successfully by the regular rifleman because of range, size, location, fleeting nature, or visibility. Sniping requires the development of basic infantry skills to a high degree of skill. A sniper's training incorporates a wide variety of subjects designed to increase value as a force multiplier and to ensure battlefield survival. Sniping requires learning and repetitively practicing these skills until mastered.

A sniper must be highly trained in long range rifle marksmanship and field craft skills to ensure maximum effective engagements with minimum risk. In addition to marksmanship and long range shooting, military snipers are trained in a variety of techniques: detection, stalking, and target range estimation methods, camouflage, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition.

Etymology. The agent noun . The average number of rounds expended by U. S. According to the United States Army, the average soldier will hit a man- sized target 1.

M1. 6A2 rifle. Graduates of the United States Army Sniper School are expected to achieve 9. M2. 4 Sniper Weapon System (SWS). Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas. Adobe Reader Group Policy Disable Update Manager there.

A sniper team would be armed with its long range weapon, and a shorter- ranged weapon in case of close contact combat. The German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'. Army sniper team from Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)Sniper rifles are classified as crew- served, as the term is used in the United Statesmilitary. A sniper team (or sniper cell) consists of a combination of one or more shooters with force protection elements and support personnel: such as a spotter or a flanker. Within the Table of Organization and Equipment for both the United States Army and the U.

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S. Marine Corps, the operator of the weapon has an assistant trained to fulfill multiple roles, in addition to being sniper- qualified in the operation of the weapon. The shooter fires the shot while the spotter assists in observation of targets, atmospheric conditions and handles ancillary tasks as immediate security of their location, communication with other parties; including directing artillery fire and close air support. A flanker's task is to observe areas not immediately visible to the sniper or spotter and assist with the team's perimeter and rear security.

Both spotter and flanker carries additional ammunition and associated equipment. The spotter detects, observes, and assigns targets and watches for the results of the shot. Using a spotting scope and/or rangefinder, the spotter will also read the wind by using physical indicators and the mirage caused by the heat on the ground. Also, in conjunction with the shooter, the spotter will make calculations for distance, angle shooting (slant range), mil dot related calculations, correction for atmospheric conditions and leads for moving targets. It is not unusual for the spotter to be equipped with a notepad and a laptop computer specifically for performing these calculations.

Law enforcement applications. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios.

This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well- known rule: .

Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one- shot kills. Coast Guard TACLET marksman uses an M1.

The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1. Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. While the German army did have snipers in 1. German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters.

This lack of trained snipers who could be used in civilian roles was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter- terrorist unit GSG 9. Longest recorded sniper kill. In November 2. 00. Harrison struck two Talibanmachine gunners consecutively south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan at a range of 2,4.

L1. 15. A3 Long Range Rifle. Due to the extreme distances and travel time involved, even a light cross- breeze of 2. The calculation assumes a flat- fire scenario (a situation where the shooting and target positions are at equal elevation), utilizing British military custom high- pressure . Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 1. Lapua Lock. Base B4. Harrison mentions in reports that the environmental conditions were perfect for long range shooting, .

Barrel rifling was invented at the end of the fifteenth century, but was only employed in large cannons. Over time, rifling, along with other gunnery advances, has increased the performance of modern firearms. Early history. For instance, in 1.

Saratoga the Colonists hid in the trees and used early model rifles to shoot British officers. Most notably, Timothy Murphy shot and killed General Simon Fraser of Balnain on 7 October 1.

Patrick Ferguson had a tall, distinguished American officer in his rifle's iron sights. Ferguson did not take the shot, as the officer had his back to Ferguson; only later did Ferguson learn that George Washington had been on the battlefield that day. While most troops at that time used inaccurate smoothboremuskets, the British . Through the combination of a leather wad and tight grooves on the inside of the barrel (rifling), this weapon was far more accurate, though slower to load. These Riflemen were the elite of the British Army, and served at the forefront of any engagement, most often in skirmish formation, scouting out and delaying the enemy. Another term, . In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 2.

June 1. 80. 1, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; . The term appears even earlier, around 1. Continental Europe, translated from the German Scharfsch. His rifle was far more accurate than the Pattern 1.

Enfield, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean War. At trials in 1. 85. Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. The Whitworth rifle was capable of hitting the target at a range of 2,0.

Enfield could only manage it at 1,4. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to observe and target objects more accurately at a greater distance than ever before.