Introduction to the Oracle Server. This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle server. Been Prevented By A Software Restriction Policy 866. The topics include: An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance.

A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. The database has logical structures and physical structures. Because the physical and logical structures are separate, the physical storage of data can be managed without affecting the access to logical storage structures. Logical Database Structures. The logical structures of an Oracle database include schema objects, data blocks, extents, segments, and tablespaces. Schemas and Schema Objects.

A schema is a collection of database objects. A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user. Schema objects are the logical structures that directly refer to the database's data. Schema objects include structures like tables, views, and indexes. Objects in the same schema can be in different tablespaces, and a tablespace can hold objects from different schemas.)Some of the most common schema objects are defined in the following section.

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See Also: Chapter 1. Database tables hold all user- accessible data. Each table has columns and rows.

Oracle stores each row of a database table containing data for less than 2. A table that has an employee database, for example, can have a column called employee number, and each row in that column is an employee's number. Views. Views are customized presentations of data in one or more tables or other views. A view can also be considered a stored query.

Views do not actually contain data. Rather, they derive their data from the tables on which they are based, referred to as the base tables of the views. Like tables, views can be queried, updated, inserted into, and deleted from, with some restrictions. All operations performed on a view actually affect the base tables of the view. Views provide an additional level of table security by restricting access to a predetermined set of rows and columns of a table. They also hide data complexity and store complex queries.

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Indexes. Indexes are optional structures associated with tables. Indexes can be created to increase the performance of data retrieval.

Just as the index in this manual helps you quickly locate specific information, an Oracle index provides an access path to table data. When processing a request, Oracle can use some or all of the available indexes to locate the requested rows efficiently. Indexes are useful when applications frequently query a table for a range of rows (for example, all employees with a salary greater than 1. Indexes are created on one or more columns of a table. After it is created, an index is automatically maintained and used by Oracle. Changes to table data (such as adding new rows, updating rows, or deleting rows) are automatically incorporated into all relevant indexes with complete transparency to the users.

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You can partition indexes. Clusters. Clusters are groups of one or more tables physically stored together because they share common columns and are often used together. Because related rows are physically stored together, disk access time improves. Like indexes, clusters do not affect application design.

Whether or not a table is part of a cluster is transparent to users and to applications. Data stored in a clustered table is accessed by SQL in the same way as data stored in a nonclustered table. Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments. The logical storage structures, including data blocks, extents, and segments, enable Oracle to have fine- grained control of disk space use. Oracle Data Blocks. At the finest level of granularity, Oracle database data is stored in data blocks.

One data block corresponds to a specific number of bytes of physical database space on disk. The standard block size is specified by the initialization parameter DB. In addition, you can specify of up to five other block sizes. A database uses and allocates free database space in Oracle data blocks. See Also. An extent is a specific number of contiguous data blocks, obtained in a single allocation, used to store a specific type of information.

Segments. Above extents, the level of logical database storage is a segment. A segment is a set of extents allocated for a certain logical structure. The following table describes the different types of segments. Segment. Description. Data segment. Each nonclustered table has a data segment. All table data is stored in the extents of the data segment.

For a partitioned table, each partition has a data segment. Each cluster has a data segment. The data of every table in the cluster is stored in the cluster's data segment.

Index segment. Each index has an index segment that stores all of its data. For a partitioned index, each partition has an index segment. Temporary segment. Temporary segments are created by Oracle when a SQL statement needs a temporary work area to complete execution.

When the statement finishes execution, the extents in the temporary segment are returned to the system for future use. Rollback segment. If you are operating in automatic undo management mode, then the database server manages undo space using tablespaces. Oracle Corporation recommends that you use . However, if you are operating in manual undo management mode, then one or more rollback segments for a database are created by the database administrator to temporarily store undo information. The information in a rollback segment is used during database recovery: To generate read- consistent database information. Oracle dynamically allocates space when the existing extents of a segment become full.

In other words, when the extents of a segment are full, Oracle allocates another extent for that segment. Because extents are allocated as needed, the extents of a segment may or may not be contiguous on disk.

See Also. For example, tablespaces commonly group together all application objects to simplify some administrative operations. Databases, Tablespaces, and Datafiles. The relationship between databases, tablespaces, and datafiles (datafiles are described in the next section) is illustrated in Figure 1- 1. Figure 1- 1 Databases, Tablespaces, and Datafiles.

Text description of the illustration cncpt. This figure illustrates the following: Each database is logically divided into one or more tablespaces. One or more datafiles are explicitly created for each tablespace to physically store the data of all logical structures in a tablespace.

The combined size of the datafiles in a tablespace is the total storage capacity of the tablespace. A tablespace is generally online, so that users can access the information in the tablespace. However, sometimes a tablespace is taken offline to make a portion of the database unavailable while allowing normal access to the remainder of the database. This makes many administrative tasks easier to perform. Physical Database Structures. The following sections explain the physical database structures of an Oracle database, including datafiles, redo log files, and control files.

Datafiles. Every Oracle database has one or more physical datafiles. The datafiles contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in the datafiles allocated for a database. The characteristics of datafiles are: A datafile can be associated with only one database. Datafiles can have certain characteristics set to let them automatically extend when the database runs out of space. One or more datafiles form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace, as discussed earlier in this chapter.

SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Custom Programming. SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is an enterprise- class reporting platform that sits on top of well- established services in the Windows server technologies, including SQL Server, ASP. NET, and the Microsoft . NET Framework. One of the most compelling capabilities in SSRS is the ability to extend report features with custom code and programming extensions. After I discuss the practicality of using custom code and extensions in daily report design, I'll introduce you to some built- in SSRS extensions and the concept of custom assemblies. I'll then provide step- by- step instructions on how to write a custom assembly with Visual Studio and use it to build a dynamic report dataset. It's important to understand that for most practical purposes, SSRS doesn't support these programming patterns and models—and for good reason.

SSRS is a reporting platform and not a programming tool. When discussing advanced report design techniques on my SQL Server BI blog or other forums, occasionally a hard- core programmer will say something like, . I just write a custom web app, then build and manage everything myself using .

NET programming objects. Using event code and custom controls, you can add some nice adornments that SSRS just doesn't offer. But you need to carefully consider what would happen when a custom report is run with 1. And what do you do when users want to view the report in a variety of formats?

These are the kinds of considerations that SSRS addresses very well without additional design effort from you. The essential components of a report—data connections, query executions, result sets, data caching, and the like—should be managed using built- in capabilities and not complex programming. It's important to know when you don't need to utilize advanced programming to do things that SSRS does well right out of the box. I have to admit that when I started using SSRS back in 2.

I was enamored by its extensibility and the ability to add custom programming code to my report solutions. As a . NET programmer, I thought that reports would be a natural extension of my programming efforts. After building several complex reporting solutions and working alongside other professionals to architect large- scale reporting solutions for almost a decade, I've come to realize that the vast majority of SSRS reporting solutions don't require a lot of custom programming. The best application of a custom- coded library is to enhance the native capabilities of the SSRS architecture rather than replacing what it already does very well. Authoring custom extensions isn't trivial and is usually beyond the realm of practical applications for corporate reporting.

Internally, SSRS uses a set of . NET assemblies known as extensions to perform most of its core functions. The Standard, Business Intelligence, and Enterprise editions of SQL Server automatically install some of these extensions.

For example, when you export a report to Microsoft Excel, the Excel rendering extension is employed. When you schedule a subscription, the email or file system delivery extension is used instead of the default interactive report delivery extension. In the Standard, Business Intelligence, and Enterprise editions of SQL Server, SSRS supports extending its behavior through: Data processing extensions. These extensions provide access to different types of data using a consistent programming model. The provided data processing extensions include extensions for SQL Server, SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS), SQL Server Parallel Data Warehouse, SQL Azure, Microsoft Share. Point lists, report models, ODBC, OLE DB, Hyperion Essbase, Oracle, SAP Net. Weaver Business Intelligence, Teradata, and XML.

Microsoft also offers data processing extensions for SAP Relational DB and DB2. Delivery extensions.

These extensions interface with some kind of a delivery mechanism to send reports to users. The provided delivery extensions include extensions for interactive reports, email, the file system, and a . These extensions control the type of document or media that's created when a report runs. Out of the box, Microsoft provides several rendering extensions that cover the most popular and useful document types, including HTML, web archive, PDF, Excel, Microsoft Word, images, XML, and comma- separated value (CSV). Security extensions. These extensions provide authentication and authorize users to run reports on a report server. The provided extensions support Windows Integrated Security and ASP.

NET forms- based authentication. You can implement your own role- based security model with any authentication criteria. Report processing extensions. These extensions enable the creation of custom report items managed by the report processing engine. They enable you to extend the Report Definition Language (RDL) standard to include functionality not natively supported by RDL, such as custom Map.

Point maps and horizontal lists. You can also extend current report items to provide alternative versions that better fit your needs. Report definition customization extensions. These extensions provide a hook into the preprocessing of the report definition. You can plug in custom code that modifies the report definition stream before it gets processed. This is handy if you need to modify the report's layout based on a culture, locale, or user identity that's specified in the report request. When it comes to creating custom extensions, you can learn from the experience of others.

I've worked with companies that use SSRS as an integrated part of their service offering and some of these companies have created their own custom extensions. One company built a custom security extension so that its application could handle user logins and authentication rather than requiring users to log in using Windows. Other companies with complex data and application programming layers in their solutions built custom data processing extensions to use instead of the standard data providers in SSRS. In one instance, a company built a data processing extension to handle complex industry- specific business rules and filtering logic.

In each case, it took teams of programmers months to create, debug, test, and put these custom extensions into production. A custom assembly can be used to extend report functionality for many reports on the same server. For example, if you need to process parameter business rules that extend beyond the capabilities of a query language such as T- SQL or MDX, you can use a custom assembly to manage a report dataset query and related report behavior. SQL is a powerful language that can be used to process a fair amount of business logic. Where possible, you should leverage the query language—and especially persistent database objects like stored procedures—to encapsulate complex rules. The best examples of where this technique is the most beneficial are much more complex than the simple example I'm about to provide here. However, the technique I'll show you is quite valuable and, in some cases, necessary.

The assembly will be developed in Visual Studio 2. After testing, the assembly will be deployed to trusted folders, where it can be used in the SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT) or Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) report designer and on the report server. The project is written in Visual Basic . Install Adobe Without Admin Privileges Windows.

NET but you could just as easily use C#. You can download a working copy of this report and the sample code project by clicking the Download button. After making sure that you have permission to create objects in this database, open a SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) query window and execute the script in Listing 1 to create the view. Next, you need to create the class library project in Visual Studio by following these steps: From the File menu in Visual Studio, select New and choose Project.

When working in this editor, I recommend that you use the code completion and debugging features to save yourself some work.